Independent punch cutter, engraver and type designer. Designed type faces for MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan, Barnhart Brothers & Spindler, Bruce Type Foundry, Central Type Foundry, Farmer Little & Co (later A.D. Farmer & Sons), Keystone Type Foundry, and ATF. Source: Nineteenth-Century American Designers & Engravers of Type by William E. Loy (Oak Knoll Press, New Castle, Deleware USA 2009)